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<title>Bioelectronics</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bioelectronics</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Molecular_nanotechnology" title="Molecular nanotechnology">Molecular nanotechnology</a></div>

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<p><b>Bioelectronics</b> is a field of research in the convergence of <a href="Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> and <a href="Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div>

<p>At the first C.E.C. Workshop, in Brussels in November 1991, bioelectronics was defined as 'the use of biological materials and biological architectures for information processing systems and new devices'. Bioelectronics, specifically bio-molecular electronics, were described as 'the research and development of bio-inspired (i.e. self-assembly) inorganic and organic materials and of bio-inspired (i.e. massive parallelism) hardware architectures for the implementation of new information processing systems, sensors and actuators, and for molecular manufacturing down to the atomic scale'.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

The <a href="National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST), an agency of the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a>, defined bioelectronics in a 2009 report as "the discipline resulting from the convergence of <a href="Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> and <a href="Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-nist_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup>

</p><p>Sources for information about the field include the <a href="Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) with its Elsevier journal Biosensors and Bioelectronics published since 1990. The journal describes the scope of bioelectronics as seeking to : "... exploit biology in conjunction with electronics in a wider context encompassing, for example, biological fuel cells, bionics and biomaterials for information processing, information storage, electronic components and actuators. A key aspect is the interface between biological materials and micro and nano-electronics."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The first known study of bioelectronics took place in the 18th century when Italian physician-scientist <a href="Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> applied a voltage to a pair of detached frog legs. The legs moved, sparking the genesis of bioelectronics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electronics technology has been applied to biology and medicine since the <a href="Pacemaker" title="Pacemaker">pacemaker</a> was invented and with the medical imaging industry. In 2009, a survey of publications using the term in title or abstract suggested that the center of activity was in Europe (43 percent), followed by Asia (23 percent) and the United States (20 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-nist_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2></div>

<p>Organic bioelectronics is the application of organic electronic material to the field of bioelectronics. Organic materials (i.e. containing carbon) show great promise when it comes to interfacing with biological systems.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current applications focus around neuroscience<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Therapy_using_implanted_organic_bio_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Therapy_using_implanted_organic_bio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and infection.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Conducting <a href="Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> coatings, an organic electronic material, shows massive improvement in the technology of materials. It was the most sophisticated form of electrical stimulation. It improved the impedance of electrodes in electrical stimulation, resulting in better recordings and reducing "harmful electrochemical side reactions." <a href="Organic_electrochemical_transistor" title="Organic electrochemical transistor">Organic Electrochemical Transistors</a> (OECT) were invented in 1984 by <a href="Mark_Wrighton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Wrighton">Mark Wrighton</a> and colleagues, which had the ability to transport ions. This improved signal-to-noise ratio and gives for low measured impedance. The Organic Electronic Ion Pump (OEIP), a device that could be used to target specific body parts and organs to adhere medicine, was created by Magnuss Berggren.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As one of the few materials well established in CMOS technology, <a href="Titanium_nitride" title="Titanium nitride">titanium nitride</a> (TiN) turned out as exceptionally stable and well suited for electrode applications in <a href="Medical_implants" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical implants">medical implants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haemmerle2002_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haemmerle2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BS2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BS2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_applications">Significant applications</h2></div>

<p>Bioelectronics is used to help improve the lives of <a href="People_with_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="People with disabilities">people with disabilities</a> and diseases. For example, the <a href="Glucose_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose monitor">glucose monitor</a> is a portable device that allows <a href="Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetic</a> patients to control and measure their <a href="Blood_sugar_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood sugar levels">blood sugar levels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electrical stimulation used to treat patients with epilepsy, chronic pain, Parkinson's, deafness, Essential Tremor and blindness.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnuss Berggren and colleagues created a variation of his OEIP, the first bioelectronic implant device that was used in a living, free animal for therapeutic reasons. It transmitted electric currents into GABA, an acid. A lack of GABA in the body is a factor in chronic pain. GABA would then be dispersed properly to the damaged nerves, acting as a painkiller.<sup id="cite_ref-Therapy_using_implanted_organic_bio_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Therapy_using_implanted_organic_bio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Vagus_nerve_stimulation" title="Vagus nerve stimulation">Vagus Nerve Stimulation</a> (VNS) is used to activate the <a href="Cholinergic_anti-inflammatory_pathway" title="Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway">Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway</a> (CAP) in the vagus nerve, ending in reduced inflammation in patients with diseases like <a href="Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>. Since patients with <a href="Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> and <a href="Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> are more vulnerable to having a closed CAP, VNS can aid them as well.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, not all the systems that have electronics used to help improving the lives of people are necessarily bioelectronic devices, but only those which involve an intimate and directly interface of electronics and biological systems.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Bioelectronics could be used to develop new label-free methods for monitoring <a href="Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> cell invasion and drug resistance. For example, the <a href="Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">electrical resistance</a> of cancer cells could be used to predict the effectiveness of cancer drugs and to identify drugs that are most likely to be effective against a particular type of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2></div>

<p>The improvement of standards and tools to monitor the state of cells at <a href="Subcellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcellular">subcellular</a> resolutions is lacking funding and employment. This is a problem because advances in other fields of science are beginning to analyze large cell populations, increasing the need for a device that can monitor cells at such a level of sight. Cells cannot be used in many ways other than their main purpose, like detecting harmful substances. Merging this science with forms of <a href="Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a> could result in incredibly accurate detection methods. The preserving of human lives like protecting against <a href="Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">bioterrorism</a> is the biggest area of work being done in bioelectronics. Governments are starting to demand devices and materials that detect chemical and biological threats. The more the size of the devices decrease, there will be an increase in performance and capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-nist_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, it can <a href="Replantation" title="Replantation">replant</a> the amputees' limbs.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_limb_replantation">Human limb replantation</h2></div>

<p>When your limb is <a href="Amputation" title="Amputation">cut off</a>, the small device is implanted next to the stump. The small device sends electricity to the wound that makes cells multiply instead of heal. and it grows into bone, muscle, and nerve cells. After it <a href="Replantation" title="Replantation">regrows</a>, you'll have a new fully functional limb. It works for <a href="Amputation" title="Amputation">amputated</a> <a href="Finger" title="Finger">fingers</a>, <a href="Hand" title="Hand">hands</a>, <a href="Arm" title="Arm">arms</a>, <a href="Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulders</a>, <a href="Toe" title="Toe">toes</a>, <a href="Foot" title="Foot">feet</a>, <a href="Human_leg" title="Human leg">legs</a> and <a href="Thigh" title="Thigh">thighs</a>.

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<ul><li><a href="Biocomputer" class="mw-redirect" title="Biocomputer">Biocomputer</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioelectrochemical_reactor" title="Bioelectrochemical reactor">Bioelectrochemical reactor</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioelectrochemistry" title="Bioelectrochemistry">Bioelectrochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Biosensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosensors">Biosensors</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological machine">Biological machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Dielectrophoresis" title="Dielectrophoresis">Dielectrophoresis</a></li>

<li><a href="DNA_digital_data_storage" title="DNA digital data storage">DNA digital data storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochemical_engineering" title="Electrochemical engineering">Electrochemical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrotroph" title="Electrotroph">Electrotroph</a></li>

<li><a href="Galvanism" title="Galvanism">Galvanism</a></li>

<li><a href="GHK_current_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="GHK current equation">GHK current equation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hodgkin%E2%80%93Huxley_model" title="Hodgkin–Huxley model">Hodgkin–Huxley model</a></li>

<li><a href="Implant_(medicine)" title="Implant (medicine)">Implant (medicine)</a></li>

<li><a href="Membrane_potential" title="Membrane potential">Membrane potential</a></li>

<li><a href="Multielectrode_array" class="mw-redirect" title="Multielectrode array">Multielectrode array</a></li>

<li><a href="Nernst%E2%80%93Planck_equation" title="Nernst–Planck equation">Nernst–Planck equation</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurophysics" title="Neurophysics">Neurophysics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_spin_echo" title="Neutron spin echo">Neutron spin echo</a></li>

<li><a href="Patch_clamp" title="Patch clamp">Patch clamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantitative_models_of_the_action_potential" title="Quantitative models of the action potential">Quantitative models of the action potential</a></li>

<li><a href="Saltatory_conduction" title="Saltatory conduction">Saltatory conduction</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLöfflerLibbertonRichter-Dahlfors2015" class="citation journal cs1">Löffler S, Libberton B, Richter-Dahlfors A (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC5TB00382B">"Organic bioelectronics in infection"</a>. <i>Journal of Materials Chemistry B</i>. <b>3</b> (25): <span class="nowrap">4979–</span>4992. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC5TB00382B">10.1039/C5TB00382B</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32262450">32262450</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLöfflerLibbertonRichter-Dahlfors2015" class="citation journal cs1">Löffler S, Libberton B, Richter-Dahlfors A (November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Felectronics4040879">"Organic Bioelectronic Tools for Biomedical Applications"</a>. <i>Electronics</i>. <b>4</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">879–</span>908. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Felectronics4040879">10.3390/electronics4040879</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Haemmerle2002-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haemmerle2002_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHämmerleKobuchKohlerNisch2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hämmerle H, Kobuch K, Kohler K, Nisch W, Sachs H, Stelzle M (February 2002). "Biostability of micro-photodiode arrays for subretinal implantation". <i>Biomaterials</i>. <b>23</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">797–</span>804. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0142-9612%2801%2900185-5">10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00185-5</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11771699">11771699</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-BS2018-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BS2018_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGlogenerKrauseKatzerSchubert2018" class="citation journal cs1">Glogener P, Krause M, Katzer J, Schubert MA, Birkholz M, Bellmann O, Kröger-Koch C, Hammonn HM, Metges CC, Welsch C, Ruff R, Hoffmann KP (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5872061">"Prolonged corrosion stability of a microchip sensor implant during in vivo exposure"</a>. <i>Biosensors</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 13. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbios8010013">10.3390/bios8010013</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5872061">5872061</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389853">29389853</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSimonGabrielssonTybrandtBerggren2016" class="citation journal cs1">Simon DT, Gabrielsson EO, Tybrandt K, Berggren M (November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.6b00146">"Organic Bioelectronics: Bridging the Signaling Gap between Biology and Technology"</a>. <i>Chemical Reviews</i>. <b>116</b> (21): <span class="nowrap">13009–</span>13041. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.6b00146">10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00146</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27367172">27367172</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/reviews/DEN170028.pdf">"DE NOVO CLASSIFICATION REQUEST FOR CALA ONE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKoopmanSchuurmanVervoordeldonkTak2014" class="citation journal cs1">Koopman FA, Schuurman PR, Vervoordeldonk MJ, Tak PP (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.berh.2014.10.015">"Vagus nerve stimulation: a new bioelectronics approach to treat rheumatoid arthritis?"</a>. <i>Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology</i>. <b>28</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">625–</span>35. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.berh.2014.10.015">10.1016/j.berh.2014.10.015</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25481554">25481554</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCarraraIniewski2015" class="citation book cs1">Carrara S, Iniewski K (2015). Carrara S, Iniewski K (eds.). <i>Handbook of Bioelectronics</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>569. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139629539">10.1017/CBO9781139629539</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781139629539</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGharooniAlikhaniMoghtaderiAbiri2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gharooni, Milad; Alikhani, Alireza; Moghtaderi, Hassan; Abiri, Hamed; Mashaghi, Alireza; Abbasvandi, Fereshteh; Khayamian, Mohammad Ali; Miripour, Zohreh sadat; Zandi, Ashkan; Abdolahad, Mohammad (February 22, 2019). "Bioelectronics of The Cellular Cytoskeleton: Monitoring Cytoskeletal Conductance Variation for Sensing Drug Resistance". <i>ACS Sensors</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">353–</span>362. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facssensors.8b01142">10.1021/acssensors.8b01142</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30572702">30572702</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bioelectronics" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:bioelectronics"><i>bioelectronics</i></a> at Wiktionary</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/bioelectronics-1">Biolectronics</a> at Answers.com</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Biotechnology389" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_biotechnology" title="Timeline of biotechnology">Timeline of biotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Competitions_and_prizes_in_biotechnology" title="Competitions and prizes in biotechnology">Competitions and prizes in biotechnology</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Colors_of_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Colors of biotechnology">Colors of biotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allele" title="Allele">Allele</a></li>

<li><a href="Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a></li>

<li><a href="Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a></li>

<li><a href="Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biotechnology_industrial_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotechnology industrial park">Biotechnology industrial park</a></li>

<li><a href="Biotechnology_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotechnology products">Biotechnology products</a></li>

<li><a href="Biotechnology_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotechnology law">Biotechnology law</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmaceutical_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical company">Pharmaceutical company</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic techniques<br> and tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biology field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bioreactor" title="Bioreactor">Bioreactor</a></li>

<li><a href="Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">Cell culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li>

<li><a href="Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">Flow cytometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Hybridoma_technology" title="Hybridoma technology">Hybridoma technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">Centrifugation</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystallization" title="Crystallization">Crystallization</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li>

<li><a href="Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">Kidney dialysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrophoresis" title="Electrophoresis">Electrophoresis</a></li>

<li><a href="Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">Extraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Fed-batch_culture" title="Fed-batch culture">Fed Batch</a></li>

<li><a href="Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li>

<li><a href="Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">Sedimentation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_cell_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cell culture">Animal cell culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Biofabrication" title="Biofabrication">Biofabrication</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Bionic_architecture" title="Bionic architecture">Bionic architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Cell_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell immunity">Cell immunity</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloning" title="Cloning">Cloning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reproductive_cloning" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive cloning">Reproductive cloning</a></li>

<li><a href="Therapeutic_cloning" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic cloning">Therapeutic cloning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_biotechnology" title="Environmental biotechnology">Environmental biotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">Genetically modified organism</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">Molecular genetics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">Gene therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbial_biodegradation" title="Microbial biodegradation">Microbial biodegradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Omics" title="Omics">Omics</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmacogenomics" title="Pharmacogenomics">Pharmacogenomics</a></li>

<li><a href="Stem_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cells">Stem cells</a></li>

<li><a href="Telomere" title="Telomere">Telomere</a></li>

<li><a href="Tissue_culture" title="Tissue culture">Tissue culture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary <br>fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biobased_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biobased economy">Bioeconomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Bioengineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Biopharmaceutical" title="Biopharmaceutical">Biopharmacology</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">Biomedicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemicals</a></li>

<li><a href="Biorobotics" title="Biorobotics">Biorobotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanobiotechnology" title="Nanobiotechnology">Nanobiotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Index_of_biotechnology_articles" title="Index of biotechnology articles">Index of biotechnology articles</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_biotechnology_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of biotechnology articles">List of biotechnology articles</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_largest_biomedical_companies_by_market_capitalization" title="List of largest biomedical companies by market capitalization">List of largest biomedical companies by market capitalization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Biotechnology">Commons</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronics80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Electronics80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analogue electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Microelectronics" title="Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">Optoelectronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_electronics" title="Power electronics">Power electronics</a></li>

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<li><a href="Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a></li>

<li><a href="Schematic_capture" title="Schematic capture">Schematic capture</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_management_(electronics)" title="Thermal management (electronics)">Thermal management</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced<br>topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_computing_2020%E2%80%93present" title="Timeline of computing 2020–present">2020s in computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Atomtronics" title="Atomtronics">Atomtronics</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_emerging_technologies#Electronics" title="List of emerging technologies">List of emerging electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Failure_of_electronic_components" title="Failure of electronic components">Failure of electronic components</a></li>

<li><a href="Flexible_electronics" title="Flexible electronics">Flexible electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Low-power_electronics" title="Low-power electronics">Low-power electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_electronics" title="Molecular electronics">Molecular electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">Nanoelectronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Organic_electronics" title="Organic electronics">Organic electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Photonics" title="Photonics">Photonics</a></li>

<li><a href="Piezotronics" title="Piezotronics">Piezotronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">Quantum electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Spintronics" title="Spintronics">Spintronics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronic<br>equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioner</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">Clothes dryer</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a>/<a href="Laptop" title="Laptop">Notebook</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li>

<li><a href="Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">Freezer</a></li>

<li><a href="Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Home robot</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_theater_PC" title="Home theater PC">Home theater PC</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">Cooker</a></li>

<li><a href="Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Networking hardware</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">Robotic vacuum cleaner</a></li>

<li><a href="Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a></li>

<li><a href="Television" title="Television">Television</a></li>

<li><a href="Tankless_water_heating" title="Tankless water heating">Water heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a></li>

<li><a href="Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Audio_equipment" title="Audio equipment">Audio equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_electronics" title="Automotive electronics">Automotive electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionics</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_system" title="Control system">Control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">Data acquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="EHealth" title="EHealth">e-health</a></li>

<li><a href="Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">Electronics industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Major_appliance" title="Major appliance">Major appliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_appliance" title="Small appliance">Small appliance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Marine_electronics" title="Marine electronics">Marine electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a> technology</li>

<li><a href="Military" title="Military">Military</a> electronics</li>

<li><a href="Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_electronics" title="Nuclear electronics">Nuclear electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li>

<li><a href="Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> and <a href="Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">Radio navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">Terahertz technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire" title="Wire">Wired</a> and <a href="Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a> Communications</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174502#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata813" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174502#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4280161-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="bioelektronika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph323368&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/91027d6e-0faf-4085-8135-146d302f5ba1">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Bioelectronics&oldid=1290897213">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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